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Psychological Causes of Stockholm Syndrome Citizens or groups of oppressive/corrupt regimes, governments, or institutions.Slaves or individuals imprisoned, detained, or kept in isolation.Political prisoners or prisoners of war.Cults or religious, political, or terrorist extremist group membership.

Childhood trauma including physical, sexual or emotional abuse or incest.

Abusive relationships in adults (particularly women).Human trafficking, sex trafficking, and prostitution.Many experts believe Stockholm syndrome can develop in response to other kinds of trauma including: 5,7,8,9 The term was originally used only for victims who were kidnapped, held captive or taken hostage. Still, many experts have explored possible causes of Stockholm syndrome, including specific types of traumatic experiences, such as childhood trauma or religious trauma, and also psychological explanations as to why it occurs. 1,6 Traumatic Causes of Stockholm Syndrome This is another barrier that makes it difficult to research or understand the syndrome. 5 Also, people who may be affected by it are often unwilling to comply with authorities because they don’t want to incriminate their perpetrator. Stockholm syndrome is not fully understood by researchers, psychologists, or law enforcement personnel, and not all agree it is a real phenomenon. 1,5,6 Interestingly, the positive feelings developed by the hostage or victim are often reciprocal, meaning they are also developed by the perpetrator.

Stockholm syndrome is believed to be a rare phenomenon that occurs in only 5-8% of victims who are rescued from hostage situations. The term was originally used to describe an irrational bond that four hostages developed with their captor in a high profile bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden in the 70’s. 1,6 Victims who develop Stockholm syndrome develop positive feelings towards the person abusing them or holding them hostage, and may go to great lengths to protect them. 5 The term isn’t an official diagnosis listed in the DSM, but instead an informal term used to describe a type of trauma bonding that can develop between a victim and perpetrator, often in hostage situations. Not all experts agree on the definition of Stockholm syndrome, and some do not even believe it exists.